Cryptobench

wycheproof-ml-dsa-missing-reduction

ML-DSA: Missing reduction

A verifier that omits a modular reduction in the verification NTT path lets the inverse-NTT butterfly overflow a 32-bit accumulator and wrongly accepts/rejects this vector. See https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1032.

REJECT

Your service should reject this one.

Stated as the outcome to assert against, so a suite compares with this rather than hardcoding a result and getting it backwards.

A verifier that omits a modular reduction in the verification NTT path lets the inverse-NTT butterfly overflow a 32-bit accumulator and wrongly accepts/rejects this vector. See https://eprint.iacr.org/2026/1032. Demonstrated by 2 test vectors in Project Wycheproof.

Provenance

Kind
normativeA specification clause requires this. Failing it is non-conformance, not opinion.
Source
wycheproof
Clause
FIPS 204
CVE
none
Weakness
none
Produce this on the benchTake a token apart

Test keys only. Nothing here is a statement about any particular service: the expected outcome above is what an application ought to do, not evidence that yours does.

Reference

URL or embedded key?

Your app needs the public key to check a token. It can fetch it from a URL at runtime, or carry it as a file. Both are normal. The trade is always the same one: who controls rotation.

Fetch from the URLEmbed the key
RotationAutomatic on next fetchNeeds a redeploy
NetworkDepends on the URLNone
TrustWhatever the endpoint servesPinned to one key
SuitsA signer that rotates keysOffline, air-gapped, or pinned

Use the URL when the signer rotates its keys, which is what every identity provider does. That is why it became the norm, and it is usually a one-line config change.

Embed the key when you cannot make a network call while checking a token, or when you want your app pinned to one key so a compromised endpoint could not introduce another. Export the PEM from the Keysets tab.

One catch worth knowing: Spring Boot's public-key-location only loads RSA keys. An ES256 or EdDSA key needs a custom decoder, or the URL.